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Solved By : Tahir
Siddiqui(Mani)
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Cs304 current papers 2016
Q: THREE
MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE OF VIRTUAL FUNCTION
Ans :- A virtual
function is a member function that is declared within a base class and
redefined by a derived class. To create virtual function, precede the
function’s declaration in the base class with the keyword virtual. When a class
containing virtual function is inherited, the derived class redefines the
virtual function to suit its own needs.
A
virtual function in C++ is :
- A simple member function of a class which is declared with “virtual” keyword
- It usually performs different functionality in its derived classes.
- The resolving of the function call is done at run-time.
- A simple member function of a class which is declared with “virtual” keyword
- It usually performs different functionality in its derived classes.
- The resolving of the function call is done at run-time.
Q: IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE VIRTUAL CONTRUCTOR
JUSTIFY YOUR ANS?
ANS : Logic reasonYou use the virtual keyword when you want to declare a somewhat polymorphic behaviour. But there is nothing polymorphic with constructors , constructors job in C++ is to simply put an object data on the memory . Since virtual tables (and polymorphism in general) are all about polymorphic behaviour rather on polymorphic data , There is no sense with declaring a virtual constructor.
Q: PURPOSE OF TEMPLATE PARAMETER?
ANS :
Q: What is the purpose
of template parameter?
ANS:
There are three kinds of template parameters:
type
non-type
template
You
can interchange the keywords class and typename in a
template parameter declaration. You cannot use storage class specifiers
(static and auto) in a template parameter declaration.
Q: differentiate
between unary and binary operators
ANS: Unary operators take one operand, they act on the object
with reference to which
they have been called as shown below,
& * + - ++ -- ! ~
they have been called as shown below,
& * + - ++ -- ! ~
Binary operators act on two quantities
The binary operator is always called with reference to the left
hand argument.
Example:
In c1+c2,
c1.operator+(c2)
Example:
In c1+c2,
c1.operator+(c2)
2:write
a program where template A is the friend of template B
3:Describe Graceful
error handling with C++ example
ANS: Program can be designed in such a way that instead of
abnormal termination, that
causes the wastage of resources, program performs clean up tasks, mean we add
check for expected errors (using if conditions),
causes the wastage of resources, program performs clean up tasks, mean we add
check for expected errors (using if conditions),
Example – Graceful Termination
int Quotient (int a, int b ) {
if(b == 0){
cout << “Denominator can’t “ << “ be zero” << endl;
// Do local clean up
exit(1);
}
return a / b;
}
int Quotient (int a, int b ) {
if(b == 0){
cout << “Denominator can’t “ << “ be zero” << endl;
// Do local clean up
exit(1);
}
return a / b;
}
9:if
vehicle class and van class are with public inheritance then the public or
private members of the derived class can access the member of the base class(
kuch aesa hi the exactly
Q: Write a
program in C++ which creates three classes named as
1. Equation
2. Linear
3. Quadratic
Where
Linear and Quadratic are inherited from Equation
Each
class has the method Graph. Graph method should be pure virtual in Equation
class.
This
method should be overridden in both the inherited classes. It is meant to display
the Graph shape of its respective class. Graph method of Linear will display
the message;
Straight
line
Similarly,
the Graph method of Quadratic will display the message;
Parabola
In
main, call the Graph method of both the Linear and Quadratic equations
polymorphically through the parent class (Equation).
Ans:
#include
"fraction.h"
#include
<iostream>
#include
<string>
#include
<string.h>
#include
<stdlib.h>
equation;
equation {
a, b;
:
c ()
{ (c);}
convert (Cequation);
};
linear {
:
side;
:
set_side ( a)
{side=a;}
equation;
};
equation::convert (Cequation) {
a = 23;
b = 45;
}
main () {
cequation sqr;
CRectangle rect;
sqr.set_side(4);
rect.convert (sqr);
cout rect.area ();
0;
}
Q: describe the way to
declare a template function as a friend of any class
ANS:
#include
<iostream>
template<typename
T>
class
Foo {
public:
Foo(const T& val) : data(val) {}
private:
T data;
// generates a non-template operator<<
for this T
friend std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Foo& obj)
{
return os << obj.data;
}
};
int
main()
{
Foo<double> obj(1.23);
std::cout << obj << '\n';
}
Q: explain two
benefits of constructor
ANS:
When we have to initialize the members of an object, as soon as
the object is created i.e. not by calling explicitly to a function.
Constructors initialize the
data members of a class when an object is created.
Q: Can a constructor throw an
exception. How to handle error when the constructor fails?
ANS: For constructors, yes: You should throw an
exception from a constructor whenever you cannot properly initialize
(construct) an object. There is no really satisfactory alternative to exiting a
constructor by a
throw. If
you don’t have the option of using exceptions, the “least bad” work-around is to put the object into a “zombie” state by
setting an internal status bit so the object acts sort of like its dead even
though it is technically still alive.
Q: Write the code for a function template:
ANS:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
inline T const& Max (T const& a, T const& b)
{
return a < b ? b:a;
}
int main ()
{
int i = 39;
int j = 20;
cout << "Max(i, j):
" << Max(i, j) << endl;
double f1 = 13.5;
double f2 = 20.7;
cout << "Max(f1,
f2): " << Max(f1, f2) << endl;
string s1 = "Hello";
string s2 = "World";
cout << "Max(s1,
s2): " << Max(s1, s2) << endl;
return 0;
}
Q: Write three advantages of Iterator:
ANS:
a. With Iterators more than one traversal can be pending on a single
container
b. Iterators allow to change the traversal strategy without changing the
aggregate object
c. They contribute towards data abstraction by emulating pointers
container
b. Iterators allow to change the traversal strategy without changing the
aggregate object
c. They contribute towards data abstraction by emulating pointers
Q: What is the difference between
Virtual and Multiple Inheritances?
ANS: In Virtual
inheritance exactly one copy of base class is created, where more than one copy
of base class is in multiple inheritances for each child can be created.
Virtual function is a member function of class that is declared within a base class and re-defined in derived class. When we want to use same function name in both base and derived class, then the function in base class is declare as virtual by using the virtual keyword. In virtual inheritance there is exactly one copy of the anonymous base class object. Deriving directly from more than one class is usually called multiple inheritances. Since it's widely believed that this concept complicates the design and debuggers can have a hard time with it, multiple inheritance can be a controversial topic.
Virtual function is a member function of class that is declared within a base class and re-defined in derived class. When we want to use same function name in both base and derived class, then the function in base class is declare as virtual by using the virtual keyword. In virtual inheritance there is exactly one copy of the anonymous base class object. Deriving directly from more than one class is usually called multiple inheritances. Since it's widely believed that this concept complicates the design and debuggers can have a hard time with it, multiple inheritance can be a controversial topic.
Q: What is
random_iterator? What is relation between random_iterator and Vector?
ANS: random
iterator has all the capabilities of bidirectional Iterators plus they can
directly access
any element of a container. As we can access any element of vector using its index so we can use random access iterator.
any element of a container. As we can access any element of vector using its index so we can use random access iterator.
Q: What would be the output of this code?
class mother {
public:
mother ()
{ cout "mother: no
parameters\n"; }
mother (int a)
{ cout "mother: int
parameter\n"; }
};
class daughter : public mother {
public:
daughter (int a)
{ cout "daughter: int
parameter\n\n"; }
};
class son : public mother {
public:
son (int a) : mother (a)
{ cout "son: int
parameter\n\n"; }
};
int main () {
daughter rabia (0);
son salman(0);
return 0;
}
Ans :
mother: no parameters
daughter: int parameter
mother: int parameter
son: int parameter
Q: The code given
below has one template function as a friend of a template class,1. You have to
identify any error/s in this code and describe the reason forerror/s.2. Give
the correct code after removing the error/s.template<typename U>void
Test(U);template< c int main(int argc, char *argv[]){char i;Test(i);system("PAUSE");return
0;}
ANS:
#include <cstdlib>
template<typename U>
void Test(U);
template< class T >
class B {
int data;
public:
friend void Test(U); // this statement is missing
};
template<typename U>
void Test(U u){
B < int> b1;
b1.data = 7;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char i;
Test(i);
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Q:Describe three properties necessary for a container to implement
Generic Algorithms.
ANS: We claimed that
this algorithm is generic, because it works for any aggregate object
(container) that defines following three operations
a. Increment operator (++)
b. De referencing operator (*)
c. Inequality operator (!=)
Q:1: Can a constructor throw an exception? How to handle the
errors, when the constructor fails?
Answer:
- Yes, Constructor can throw an exception But In constructor if an
exception is thrown than all objects created so far are destroyed. Exception
due to constructor of any contained object or the constructor of a parent class can be
caught in the member initialization list.
q.2. Give the pseudo code of non case sensitive comparison
function of string
class.
Answer:
int caseSencompare( char* str1, char* str2 ) { for (int i = 0; i
< strlen( str1 ) && i < strlen( str2 ); ++i) if ( str1[i] !=
str2[i] ) return str1[i] - str2[i]; return strlen(str1) - strlen(str2);
q.3 What are the container requirements?
q.4. Give the C++ code of template function to print the values of any type of
array I int.this function will take 2 parameters one will be pointer and other
will be will be size of array (mrk5)
Answer:- (Page 257)
template< typename T > void printArray( T* array, int size ) { for ( int
i = 0; i < size; i++ ) cout array[ i ] “, ”; // here data type of array is T
} Give the name of three
q.5Give the name of three operation that a corsor or itrator
generally provide (mrk3)
Answer:-
•T* first() • T* beyond() • T* next( T* )
q.6what are container classes? How many types of container classes
are there?
Answer:-
Container is an object that contains a collection of data elements
like we have studied before now we will study them in detail. STL provides
three kinds of containers, 1. Sequence Containers 2. Associative Containers 3.
Container Adapters
1) give name of two templates?
a. Function Templates (in case we want to write general function
like printArray)
b. Class Templates (in case we want to write general class like
Array class)
2)give one advantage and one dis advantage of templates?
Advantages:
Templates provide
• Reusability
• Writability
Disadvantages:
• Can consume memory if used without care
• Templates may affect reliability of a program as they give same
type of implementation for all data types with may not be correct for a
particular data type.
3) name of any two error handling technique?
1.Abnormal Termination
In abnormal termination we do nothing and our program is
terminated abnormally by operating system if case of any error without saving
program data.
2.Graceful Termination
Program can be designed in such a way that instead of abnormal
termination, that causes the wastage of resources, program performs clean up
tasks, mean we add check for expected errors (using if conditions),
4) Give code of template funtion to print the value of any type of
array.
template< typename T >
void printArray( T* array, int size )
{
for ( int i = 0; i < size; i++ )
cout array[ i ] “, ”; // here data type of array is T
}
Q:
Create a vector array of length 8, and also initialize the elements of this
array with values 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ANS:
A vector is a list of data items, and can be constructed with an assignment statement like
A vector is a list of data items, and can be constructed with an assignment statement like
A=
[1.2, 3.1, 4.6, 5.7]
Note
that square brackets are used to contain the list. Try typing a list like that
shown above and then using HELP, A to get information
about the vector.
Vectors
can contain any of the number types that are accepted by IDL. When the
assignment is made all of the numbers are converted to one type. The type that
is used is determined by the data type hierarchy. Try typing
A=
[1, 3B, 4L, 5.7] & HELP,A
IDL
responds that A is an array of type FLOAT of length 4. If you were to type
A=
[1, 3B, 4L, 5] & HELP, A
You
would find that A is now of type LONG. The rule is to convert all of the
numbers to the highest number type.
Q: Consider
the following class,
class Base
{
char * p;
public:
Base() { p
= new char[10]; }
~Base() {
delete [] p; }
};
class
Derived : public Base
{
char * q;
public:
Derived() {
q = new char[20]; }
~Derived()
{ delete [] q; }
};
void foo()
{
Base* p =
new Derived();
delete p;
}
With this
program, every time function foo is called, some memory will leak.Explain why
memory will leak. Also, explain how to fix this problem.
ANS:
Q: What is the output produced by the following program?
#include<iostream.h>
void sample_function(double test) throw (int);
int main()
{
Try
{
cout <<”Trying.\n”;
sample_function(98.6);
cout << “Trying after call.\n”;
}
catch(int)
{
cout << “Catching.\n”;
}
cout << “End program.\n”;
return 0;
}
void sample_function(double test) throw (int)
{
cout << “Starting sample_function.\n”;
if(test < 100)throw 42;
}
ANS:
ANS:
Trying.
Starting sample_function.
Catching.
End program.
Q: If we declare a function as friend
of a template class will it be a friend for a particular data type or for all
data types of that class.
ANS:
Q: Write Private and public inheritence with
example.
ANS: class Base {
public:
int publicMember;
protected:
int protectedMember;
private:
int privateMember;
};
·
Everything that is aware
of Base is also aware that Base contains public Member.
·
Only the children (and
their children) are aware that Base contains protected Member.
·
No one but Base is
aware of private Member.
Q: Write catch handlor.
ANS: Catch
handler must be preceded by a try block or another catch handler
• Catch handlers are only executed when an exception has occurred
• Catch handlers are differentiated on the basis of argument type
• The catch blocks are tried in order they are written
• They can be seen as switch statement that do not need break keyword
• Catch handlers are only executed when an exception has occurred
• Catch handlers are differentiated on the basis of argument type
• The catch blocks are tried in order they are written
• They can be seen as switch statement that do not need break keyword
Q: Write
two types of cursor or iterator
ANS:
Q: What
will be the output after executing the following code?
class c1{
public:virtual
void function()
{
cout<<”I
am in c1”<<endl;}
};
class c2:
public c1{
public:void
function()
{
cout<<”I
am in c2”<<endl;
}
};
class c3: public c1 {
public:void function()
{
cout<<”I am in c3”<<endl;}
};
int main()
{
c1 * test1 = new c2();
c1 * test2 = new c3();
test1->function();
test2->function();
system(“PAUSE”);
return 0;
}
ANS: I am in c2
I
am in c3
Q: State any conflict that may rise due
to multiple inheritances?
ANS: If more than one base class has a function
with same signature then the child will have two copies of that function.
Calling such function will result in ambiguity.
Q: Give two uses of a destructor
ANS:
1.
Destructor
is used to free memory that is allocated through dynamic allocation. We have to
free memory allocated using new operator by over self in destructor otherwise
it remain occupied even after our program ends.
2.
Destructor
is used to perform housekeeping operations.
Q: Describe the way to declare a
template class as a friend class of any other class.
ANS:
template< class T > class B {int data;
friend void doSomething( T ); // granting friendship to template doSomething in // class B
friend A< T >; // granting friendship to class A in class B };
Q: What do you know about exception in initialization? Explain with example.
Answer:- (Page 345)
Exception in Initialization List
Exception due to constructor of any contained object or the constructor of a parent class can be caught in the member initialization list.
Example
Student::Student (String aName) : name(aName) /*The constructor of String can throw a exception*/
{…}
Exception in Initialization List
The programmer may want to catch the exception and perform some action to rectify the problem
Example
Student::Student (String aName) try : name(aName) { …
}
catch (…) {
}
Q: Explain the statement vector
<int> ivec (4,3)
Answer:-This would create a vector of four elements, each one
initialized to 3. ivec looks like this: 3 3 3 3
Q: Tell the procedure of making a class abstract in C++ by
giving an example. Answer:- (Page 230)
In C++, we can make a class abstract by making its function(s) pure virtual. Conversely, a class with no pure virtual function is a concrete class (which object can be instantiated)
A class having pure virtual function(s) becomes abstract
class Shape {…
public:
virtual void draw() = 0;
}
Write down a list of four intangible objects?
Answer:-
1. Time
2. Light
3. Intelligence
4. Temperature
5. software
Q: Give the pseudo code of non case
sensitive comparison function of string class.
Answer:- (Page 263)
int caseSencompare(
char* str1, char* str2 )
{
for (int i = 0; i
< strlen( str1 ) && i < strlen( str2 ); ++i) if ( str1[i] !=
str2[i] )
return str1[i] –
str2[i];
return strlen(str1) –
strlen(str2);
}
Q: What is meant by
direct base class?Answer:- (page 208)
A direct base class is explicitly listed in a derived class’s header with a colon (:) class Child1:public Parent1
{ // Here Parent1 is Direct Base Class of Child1…
};
Q:
Give the names of three ways to handle errors in a program.
Answer:-
(page 329)
1. Abnormal termination
2. Graceful termination
3. Return the illegal
value
Q.
Enlist the kinds of association w.r.t Cardinality (3)
Answer:- (page 51)
With respect to
cardinality association has the following types,
1. Binary Association
2. Ternary Association
3. N-ary Association
Q: The code given
below has one template function as a friend of a template class,
1. You
have to identify any error/s in this code and describe the reason for error/s.
2. Give
the correct code after removing the error/s.
template<typename U>void Test(U);
template< class T > class B {
int data; public:
friend void Test<>( T );
};
template<typename
U> void Test(U u){
B < int> b1;
b1.data = 7;
}
|
|||||
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
|
|||||
{
|
|||||
char i;
|
|||||
Test(i);
|
|||||
system(“PAUSE”);
|
|||||
return 0;
|
|||||
}
|
|||||
Answer:-
|
|||||
#include
<cstdlib>
|
|||||
template<typename
U> void Test(U);
|
|||||
template<
class T > class B {
|
|||||
int
data;
|
|||||
public:
|
|||||
template
<typename U >
|
friend void Test(
|
U
|
);
|
// this statement is
missing
|
|
};
|
|||||
template<typename
U>
|
|||||
void
Test(U u){
|
|||||
B
< int> b1;
|
|||||
b1.data
= 7;
|
|||||
}
|
|||||
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
|
|||||
{
|
|||||
char
i;
|
|||||
Test(i);
|
|||||
system(“PAUSE”);
|
|||||
return
0;
|
|||||
}
|
|||||
Answer:- (Page 336)
The flow control (the order in which code statements and function calls are made) as a result of throw
Statement is referred as “stack unwinding”
Q: Give the c++ code of case sensitive comparison function of string class.
Answer:- (Page 265)
class CaseSenCmp { public:
static int isEqual( char x, char y ) { return x == y; }};
class NonCaseSenCmp { public:
static int isEqual( char x, char y ) { return toupper(x) == toupper(y);}};
template< typename C >
int compare( char* str1, char* str2 ){
for (int i = 0; i < strlen( str1 ) && i < strlen( str2 ); i++) if ( !C::isEqual (str1[i], str2[i]) )
return str1[i] – str2[i];
return strlen(str1) – strlen(str2); };
int main() { int i, j;
char *x = “hello”, *y = “HELLO”; i = compare< CaseSenCmp >(x, y);
j = compare< NonCaseSenCmp >(x, y); cout << “Case Sensitive: ” << i;
cout << “\nNon-Case Sensitive: “<< j << endl; return 0;
}
Q: Consider the code below, template< typename T >
class T1 { public: T i;
protected: T j;
private: T k;
friend void Test(); };
This code has a template class T1 with three members i, j and k and a friend function Test (), you have to describe which member/s of T1 will be available in function Test ().
Answer:
All of them (i, j, k) will be available in function Test ().
Q: Explain two benefits of setter functions.
Answer:- (Page 67)
1- It minimize the changes to move the objects in inconsistent states
2- You can write checks in your setter functions to check the validity of data entered by the user, for example age functions to check to calculate the age from date entered.
Q: Name two types of
template (2 Marks)
Answer:- (Page 256)
1. Function Templates
(in case we want to write general function like print Array)
2. Class Templates (in
case we want to write general class like Array class)
Q: Sort data in the order in
which compiler searches a function. Complete specialization, generic template,
Partial specialization, Ordinary function. (2Marks)
Answer: - (Page
286)
a. First of all
compiler looks for complete specialization
b. If it cannot find
any required complete specialization then it searches for some partial
specialization
c. In the end it
searches for some generic template
Q: Give the names of two types of
containers basically known as first class containers. (2 Marks) Answer: - (Page
317)
Sequence and
associative containers are collectively referred to as the first-class
containers
Q: Describe three problems with multiple
inheritance (3 marks)
Answer:- (Page 248)
v If more than one base
class have a function with same signature then the child will have two copies
of that function
v Calling such function
will result in ambiguity
Q: In which situation do we need
to implement Virtual inheritance? explain with an example (5 marks)
Answer:- In multiple
inheritance while solving diamond problem virtual inheritance need to
implement. The solution of avoid this problem is virtual inheritance so that in
multiple inheritance only one copy of base class is generated as shown below
instead of two separate copies.
In virtual
inheritance there is exactly one copy of the anonymous base class object
Example: class
Vehicle {protected:
int weight; };
class LandVehicle :
public virtual Vehicle{ };
class WaterVehicle :
public virtual Vehicle{ };
Example
class
AmphibiousVehicle: public LandVehicle, public WaterVehicle
{
public: AmphibiousVehicle()
{ weight = 10;
}
};
Q:
State any two reasons why the virtual methods cannot be static? Answer:- The virtual method implies membership, so a virtual function cannot be a nonmember function. Nor can a virtual function be a static member, since a virtual function call relies on a specific object for determining which function to invoke. A virtual function declared in one class can be declared a friend in another class.
Q: Give three
advantages that Iterators provide over Cursors.
Answer: – (Page 311)
a.
With
Iterators more than one traversal can be pending on a single container
b.
Iterators
allow to change the traversal strategy without changing the aggregate object
c.
They
contribute towards data abstraction by emulating pointers
Q:What
is the difference (if any) between the two types of function declarations?
template function_declaration;template function_declaration;
Answer:-
The format for declaring
function templates with type parameters is:
template <class
identifier>
function_declaration;
template <typename
identifier>
function_declaration;
The only difference
between both prototypes is the use of either the keyword class or the keyword
typename. Its use is indistinct, since both expressions have exactly the same
meaning and behave exactly the same way.
Q: Fill in the blanks
below with public, protected or private keyword.
a. Public
members of base class are __________ members of derived class
b. Protected members of base
class are __________members of derived class.
Answer:-
a.
Public members of
base class are _____ public _____ members of derived class
b.
Protected
members of base class are _____ protected _____members of
derived class.
Q: Define static and dynamic
binding.
Answer:- (Page 227)
Static binding means
that target function for a call is selected at compile time
Dynamic binding means
that target function for a call is selected at run time
Q:
what is constructor? Answer:- (Page 74)
Constructor is used to initialize the objects of a class. Constructor is used to ensure that object is in well defined state at the time of creation.
Q: what is virtual inheritance?
Answer:- (Page 253)
In virtual inheritance there is exactly one copy of the anonymous base class object
Q: Can a constructor throw exception? If it fails, how should this error be handled?
Answer:- One-stage constructors should throw if they fail to fully initialize the object. If the object cannot be initialized, it must not be allowed to exist, so the constructor must throw.
Q: what are container
classes? How many types of container classes are there?
Answer:- (Page 312)
Container is an
object that contains a collection of data elements like we have studied before
now we will study them in detail.
STL provides three
kinds of containers,
1. Sequence Containers
2. Associative
Containers
3. Container Adapters
Q: The least one
advantage and Disadvantage of Template
Answer:- (Page 300)
Advantages:
Templates provide
·
Reusability
·
Write
ability
Disadvantages:
• Can consume memory
if used without care.
Q:
Give the basic difference between iterator and cursors?Answer:- (Page 308)
cursors were external pointer that we accessing internal data of any container like vector, it is against the principle of data hiding as we can access any container data using cursors so it is not good programming practice to given access in container for the use of cursors (first, next, beyond methods).
We have alternate to cursors in the form of Iterators which are that traverse a container without exposing its internal representation.
Q: Give
the name of three operation that a corsor or itrator generally provide (mrk3)
Answer:-
(Page 305, 309)
·
T*
first()
·
T*
beyond()
·
T*
next( T* )
Q:
Describe the salint feature of abstract class (mrk3) Answer:- (Page 230)
Abstract class’s objects
cannot be instantiated they are used for inheriting interface and/or
implementation, so that derived classes can give implementation of these
concepts.
In C++, we can make a class
abstract by making its function(s) pure virtual. Conversely, a class with no
pure virtual function is a concrete class
Q: Class complex {double real,ing public ……. };
overload the *= operator for the complex class by writingC++ code 3 marks
Answer:- (Page 153)
class Complex{
double real, img;
public:
Complex & operator+=(const Complex & rhs);
Complex & operator+=(count double & rhs);
…
};
Q: Resolve problems in overloading assignment operator in string class.
Answer:-
The problem in statement str1 = str2 = str3 is, str1=str2=str3 is resolved as:
str1.operator=(str2.operator=(str3))
Assignment operator is beiing called two times one for part str2 = str3 and then for str1 = (str2 = str3) as assignment operator is right associate so first str2=str3 will be executed, and str2 will become equal to str3, then first overloaded assignment operator execution result will be assigned to s1,
str1.operator=(str2.operator=(str3))
Q: Describe three properties
necessary a container to implement generic algorithms.
Answer:- (Page 301)
We claimed that this
algorithm is generic, because it works for any aggregate object (container)
that defines following three operations
a. Increment operator
(++)
b. Dereferencing
operator (*)
c. Inequality operator (!=)
Q: Mobile is a good entity for being an
object. Write characteristics, behavior and unique ID. Answer:-
Characteristics:
Buttons, Battery, Screen
Behavior: Calling,
Sending Message, Internet, Multimedia
Unique ID: Nokia
Q: How can we set the default values
for non type parameters?
Answer:- (Page 284)
We
can set default value for this non type parameters, as we do for parameters
passed in ordinary functions,
template<
class T, int SIZE = 10 >
class Array {
private:
T ptr[SIZE]; public:
void doSomething();
…
}
2.
Write a template function that returns the average of all elements of an array.
The argument to the function should be Array name and size of an array.
5. We can achieve specialization from which of the following
public inheritance
private inheritance
protected inheritance.
6. Can we initialize a class if a constructor and destructor are declared as private. Justify.
8. Suppose person class is an abstract class which has some specific features. Briefly describe important features of abstract class.
9. What are non type parameters for template.
10. What is anonymous base class object. Give an example.
11. If we declare a function as friend of template class then will it be a friend for particular data type or for all data type of that class. Justify
5. We can achieve specialization from which of the following
public inheritance
private inheritance
protected inheritance.
6. Can we initialize a class if a constructor and destructor are declared as private. Justify.
8. Suppose person class is an abstract class which has some specific features. Briefly describe important features of abstract class.
9. What are non type parameters for template.
10. What is anonymous base class object. Give an example.
11. If we declare a function as friend of template class then will it be a friend for particular data type or for all data type of that class. Justify
CS504 Software Engineering Quizzes
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