Psy 407 Lecture 1-45
1)Sport psychology is
a science in which the principal of psychology are applied in a :
a) Sports and science .
b)Sports and psychology .
c)sports and health .
d) sports and exercise .(pg:1)
2) in 1965 the
-------------------- is promote and disseminate information about the practice
of sport psychology through out the world .
a) ISSP.(pg:1)
(International society of sport psychology .
b)NASPSPA.
c)AAASP.
d)CSPLSP.
3) Who are train
specifically to deal with emotions and personality disorder problems that
effect athletes.
a)The educational sport psychologist .
b) The research sport psychologist .
c)The clinical/Counseling sport
psychologist.(pg:2)
d)none of the above .
4)Athlete who are highly motivated tend to be very
-------------------- about their abilities .
a) Global-self confident.
b) Situation-specific self-
confidence.
c)Self confident
.(pg:4)
d)High achiever.
5)---------------------- is an important personality
characteristic that facilitates daily living .It can be instrumental in
encouraging a young person to try new things .
a)Global self
–confidence .(pg:4)
b)Sports confidence theory .
c)both a and b.
c) none of the above .
6) In -------------------- the athlete must experience
success in order for self –efficacy to develop.
a) Vicarious experience.
b)verbal persuasion.
c) Emotional arousal .
d) Successful
performance .
7) --------------- is strategy used by both players,
juniors as well as professional .
a) emotional skills .
b)specific task .
c)both a and b .
d) self talk
(pg:6)
8)Which category
of self talk refers to words or statements that provide self encouragement
to preserve or to try harder .
a) Task specific statement related to
technique .
b)Encouragement
and effort .(pg:6)
c) Mood words.
d)none of the above .
9) The ------------- athlete continues to work for mastery of the
skill he is working on , and enjoy
feeling of self efficacy and confidence
in so doing .
a) ego oriented .
b) goal oriented .
c) both a and b .
d ) Task oriented
.(pg:10)
10) ----------------------- is no longer enough simply
to gain mastery over a skill and make personal improvement .
a) goal orientation .
b) ego
orientation.(pg:10)
c) task orientation .
d) all of the above .
11)At the age of ------------------ the child being to
view perceived ability in term of how other children perform .
a) two or six year .
b) tow or five year .
d) six or seven
year.(Pg:10)
d) none of the above .
12) Children
pass through -------------- levels to fully understand the concept of
developmental nature of goal orientation .
a)8 .
b)7.
c)5.
d)4.(pg:10)
13) This is transitional period, in the sense that the child is beginning to differentiate ability and
effort .
a) Level 1.
b) Level 2.
c) Level
3.(pg:10)
d) Level 4.
14) goal
orientation related to success in
general, whereas goal involvement is related to ---------------- success .
a) General.
b) high .
c) situation
specific .(pg:11)
d) all of the above .
15)Coaches need to address each of the following
conditions to create a mastery environment . except .
a) Task.
b)Authority.
c) Grouping.
d) none of the
above .(pg:12)
16) attribution theory is a cognitive approach to
motivation .The key element in attribution theory is --------------.
a) emotions.
b)cognitions .
c) motivations.
d)perception.(Pg:13)
17) To deal with attribution distortion and
misclassification , Russell (1982) develop the --------------.
a) Lie scale.
b)Defensive scale .
c) Casual
dimension scale.(Pg:14)
d) K scale .
18) ----------------- is basically something that
energizes, direct and sustains behaviors.
a)attitude.
b) emotions .
c) feelings .
d)motivations
.(pg:18)
19) How many kinds of motivations ?
a) 2.(pg:18)
b) 4.
c) 10.
d) none of the above .
20) The ------------------ of motivations includes the
notions of intrinstic and extrinsic motivations .
a) social factors .
b) competence .
c) cooperation .
d) integrated
theory (pg:18)
21)the concept of Autonomy is central to self
determination theory . you cannot exhibit self-determination without .
a) attitude.
b)Relatedness.
c)Competence.
d)Autonomy
.(pg:19)
22)------------------- is necessary for a person to be
self actualized , or to realize his full potential as an athlete and as human
being .
a) Autonomy .
b) Relatedness
(pg:19)
c) Competence .
d) Amotivation.
23)All are social factors of integrated theory of
motivation . except :
a)Success and failure.
b)Competition and cooperation
.
c)Coaches’behaviour .
d)Competence
(pg:18)
24)----------------- refers to behavior that are
neither internally or externally based.
a) Extrinsic motivation .
b) External regulation .
c
Amotivation.(pg:19)
d)Intrnsic motivation.
25) The FLOW state scale (FSS) is composed of
------------- items that measures the nine dimensions identified by
csikszentmihalyi.
a) 38
b)48
c)21
d)36.(pg:21)
26) A ----------------- goal is one that you can quantify in the sense
that you know exactly how close you are to achieving the goal.
a)
Specific goal.
b) Observable .
c)Measureable
goal..(pg:24)
d)none of the above .
27) These are component of a team approach to setting
goal .except.
a) The planning phase .
b) The meeting phase .
c) The evaluation phase .
d) Effort
mobilization .(pg:27)
28)
--------------- is the ability to gate out , or ignore , irrelevant sensory
information and to pay attention to relevant information.
a)Measuring information.
b) Limited information
processing capacity .
c) a and b both
d) Selective
attention .(pg:34)
29)The
process of narrowing or widening attentions through arousal management
strategies .
a) Measuring attentional
focus .
b) Attention narrowing .
c) Attention
control training .(pg:37)
d) Thought stopping and
centering .
30)--------------
involve the use of a judge or judges who are asked to observe an individual in some situation.
a) rating (42)
b) lie scale .
c) interview .
d) projective test .
31) the profile of mood state (POMS) is by far the
most commonly used instrument for measuring mood state in psychology which is
composed of 65 items that measure six ------------ states .
a) personality.
b) depressive .
c) mood
.(pg:49)
d) none of the above .
32) prevalent
relaxation procedure can be adequately categorized under the broad heading of
relaxation . except
a) progressive relaxation .
b) Autogenic training .
c) Mediation .
d) Concept of stress (pg:63)
33)
A------------- by a psychologist or a respected member of the team is the most
common method now use to increase the activation level of athelete.
a) Pep talk
.(Pg:66)
b) Bulletin boards .
c) Fan support .
d) Coaches, Athlete and
parent interaction .
34) There are certain situation in sport in which
maximum arousal are necessary for success . When these situations accur , the
athlete has to be fully ---------------
a)Dull.
b) disturbed.
c) confuse .
d) Attentive
and activated .(pg:68)
35)
---------------- has both a cognitive
and motivational functions .
a) self activation .
b) imagery
(pg:68)
c) Self talk .
d) none of the above .
36) The
----------------- state that when we imagine a scene in our mind’s eye, we are
scanning an actual image that has
somehow formed in our brains .
a) Pictorialist
.(pg:69)
b) Descriptionist .
c) imagery perspectives .
d) imagery skills .
37)The -------------- argues that there is no such
things as a mental image .
a) pictorialist .
b)describtionist
(pg:69)
c)imagery perspectives .
d) imagery skills .
38)---------------------------
posits that imagery results in subliminal neuromuscular patterns that are identical to the patterns used
during actual movement .
a)Symbolic learning theory .
b) attention and arousal set
theory .
c)
psychoneuromuscular theory .
d)none of the above .
39) in which
type of imagery , the athlete imagines himself
in a general sport situation exhibition
the ability to remain focus .
a) Cognitive general (CG)
b)
motivational- general- mastery(MG-M) .(pg:73)
c)cognitive specific .(CS)
d) motivational specific
.(MS)
40) In
a cognitive sense, ------------ is used to restructured the way athlete think about themselves and
about the way they execute and learn new sport skills .
a)imagery .
b) hypnosis
(pg:76)
c) cognitional .
d) none of the above .
41) There is a central control system that performs
planning and monitoring functions in the brain . according to which theory of
hypnosis .
a) Social-cognitive theory.
b)Hypnosis as an Altered
state of consciousness .
c)
Neodissociation theory ( pg:77)
d) none of the above .
42)While -------------, individual retain the ability to control their behavior
, are aware of their surroundings , and can monitor events outsides the
framework of suggestion given during .
a) Imagery .
b)psychological skills .
c)Hypnotized
.(pg:78)
d) all of the above .
43) Measurement
of psychological skills :Except .
a) Psychological
skills inventory for sports .(pg:81)
b) Effectiveness of
psychological interventions programs .
c) athletic coping skills
inventory .
d) test of performance strategies
.
44) The
------------ in the competitive situation include self talk , emotional
control , automaticity, goal setting, imagery
, activation , negative thinking and relaxation .
a) Psychological skills
training program .
b) initial meeting with
athlete .
c) Test of
performance strategies .(pg:82)
d) none of the above .
45)
coaches and athlete recognized the
importance of physical practice and training to prepare for peak
performance
,the ---------------- between the sport psychologist and athlete is
pivotal for emphasizing the need for commitment to the PSTP .
a) Who is the client ?
b) Initial
meeting with the athlete .(pg:83)
c) development of need
assessment plan .
d)psychological methods and
strategies to be thought.
46) Ethics in sports include .
a) Competence Integrity.
b) Professional and scientific responsibilities
.
c)Respect for [peoples right
and dignity .
d) All of the
above .(pg:85)
47) It’s a
member responsibilities to protect the reputation of the society and the
public from members who are deficient
in ethical conduct . according to which ethics .
a) Competence .
b) social responsibilities .
d) professional
and scientific responsibilities .(pg:85)
d) concern for other’s
welfare .
48) individual engaged in -------------- , the primary goal is the
injury of another human being .
a) hostile
aggression .(pg:87)
b) Instrumental aggression .
c)Both a and b .
d) none of the above .
49) The individual engaged in ---------------- , the
intent to harm another individual is present , but the goal is to realize some external goal such as memory , victory
or prestige .
a) Hostile aggression .
b) Instrumental
aggression (pg:87)
c) Both a and b .
d) All of the above .
50) theories of aggression include .
a) Instinct theory .
b) Social learning theory .
c) Theory of moral reasoning
and aggression .
d) All of the
above .(pg:88)
51)
Theory proposes that aggression is a natural response to frustration , and that
the aggressive act provide a catharsis, or purging, of the anger
associated with the frustration . (
a) Instinct theory .
b) Social learning theory .
c) Theory of moral reasoning
and aggression.
d) Reformulated
frustration-Aggression theory .(pg:88)
52) As player
become more familiar with one another
due to frequency of play , and as the rivalries become more intense due
to geographical location, aggression become more frequent.
a) Structure of the game .
b) Fear of retaliation.
c)Rivalry,
Familiarity ,and frequent of play .(pg:90)
d) goal orientation.
53) -------------- research is based on the notion
that the presence of an audience of one or more spectators can facilitate
performance .
a)Goal orientation.
b) Psychological skills .
c) Social
facilitation.(pg:92)
d) none of the above .
54) -----------------traits are relatively stable
personality disposition such as intelligence , aggressiveness , and
independence .
a) common traits .
b) surface traits .
c) leadership
traits .(pg:98)
d) Universal traits .
55) Trait
theory has its origin in the
------------- theory of leadership , which suggest that certain great
leaders have personality traits and
personality characteristics that make them ideally suited for leadership .
a) Great businessmen .
b) Great leader.
c) Great
man.(pg:98)
d) none of the above .
56) The basic preposition of ---------- is that the
function of the leader is to provide a “well-lighted path” to assist the
follower in achieving goals .
a) Fiedler’s contingency
theory .
b) Path-goal
theory (pg:98)
c) Life cycle theory .
d) none of the above .
57) An important factor linked with
leader effectiveness is
-------------------, or the equality of the leadership between the coaches and
the athlete .
a)playing position and
leadership opportunity .
b) playing position and
stacking .
c)
Coach-Athlete compatibility .(pg:93)
d) all of the above .
58) Documentation of the psychological benefits of
regular exercise has led to the inclusion of
----------------- as a fourth factor of heart disease .
a) regular exercise .
b) irregular exercise .
c) both a and b .
d) “Lack of
exercise “(pg:100)
59) -------------- refers to exercise that
is accomplished at an exercise
intensity that allow for the intake of sufficient oxygen to maintain continuous exercise .
a) Acute exercise .
b) Chronic exercise .
c) Aerobic
exercise .(pg:100)
d) Anaerobic exercise .
60)
Synchronized swimming is an example of .
a) Acute exercise .
b) Chronic .
c) Anaerobic
exercise .(pg:100)
d) Aerobic exercise .
61)
Wheelchair sport participant have been
observed to enjoy greater psychological benefits from physical activity
then wheelchair nonparticipants in
sports . is an example of .
a) Children and elderly .
b) Disabled
individual .(pg:101)
c)social population.
d) none of the above .
62) researches suggest that ------------------ during
exercise can increase positive affects in the exercise .
a) Time of day .
b) Mode of exercise .
c) Social environment .
d) Listening to music .(pg:101)
63)
many hypothesis proposed to explain why
---------- is associated with improved
mental health .
a) Imagery .
b) hypnosis.
c) Exercise
.(pg:102)
d) psychological skills .
64) The
--------------------- is that exercise encourages and generates positive
thoughts and feelings that serve to counteract negative mood states such as depression , anxiety and
confusion .
a) distraction Hypothesis.
b) social interaction
hypothesis .
c) Cognitive behavioral hypothesis .(pg:102)
d) all of the above .
65)
An increase in
-------------------- is helpful in breaking the downward spiral of negative affect
associated with depression , anxiety , and other negative mood states.
a) Self- control.
b) Self-confidence .
c) Self –efficacy .(pg:102)
d) Both b and c .
66)Psychological explanations of exercise psychology include .
a)
cardiovascular fitness hypothesis .
b)
Amine hypothesis .
c)
Endorphin hypothesis .
d)
all of the following .(pg:102)
67) the basic premise of the -----------
is that increased secretion of chemical that serve as neurotransmitters is
related to improved mental health .
a)
Cardiovascular hypothesis .
b)Amine
hypothesis (pg:102)
c)
Endorphin hypothesis .
d)
Social interaction hypothesis .
68) The theory of
----------------- that the main precursor of a behavior such as exercise
is the individual’s intention to perform the behavior .
a)
The theory of reasoned action .(pg:104)
b)
The theory of planned behavior .
c) social cognition theory .
d)
all of the above .
69)
according to the transtheoretical model , individual pass through ---------
dynamics stages in adopting healthy long-term
exercise behavior .
a) 4.
b)5.(pg:104)
c)
6.
d)
none of the above ,.
70)
young women who regularly participate in physical exercise
activities during their reproductive
years have a reduced risk of ---------------.
a)
heart disease.
b)
cholesterol level .
c)
Breast cancer .(pg:106)
d)high
blood pressure .
71) ------------------- ,physical self
concept and body image are all
constructs that describe how an individual feel about her physical body .
a)
Realistic anxiety .
b)
Moral anxiety .
c)
both a and b .
d)
Social physique anxiety .(pg:106
72) Physical factors such as
overtraining, equipment failure, and poor playing conditions are believed to be
the major factors contributing to --------------.
a)
athlete rehabilitation.
b)
athlete injuries .(pg:112)
c)athlete
muscle problem.
d)
none of the above .
73)------------------- include
hardiness, locus of control , sense of coherence , competitive trait anxiety,
and intrinsic motivation.
a)
intervention.
b)History
of stressor .
c) personality factor (pg:112)
d)
coping resources.
74)---------------- are harmones that
stimulate protein anabolism in the body .
a)
stimulants .
b)
depressant .
c)
Anabolic steroids.(pg:115)
d)
other banned drugs .
75) negative physiological consequences
associated with --------------- use
include increased risk of heart disease, certain cancer, and undesirable sex
specific effects .
a) Anabolic-Androgenic
Steroids.(pg:115)
b)Stimulant.
c)depressant.
d)
none of the above .
76) Stimulant ,such as ------------------
, increase the rate and work capacity of the central nervous system ,
respiratory system , and heart .
a)
hallucenogenes.
b)
barbiturate .
c)
Ampetamines and cocaine . (pg:115)
d)
alcohol.
77) ----------------- may actually have
the effect of reducing inhibition , reducing judgment , and heightening risk
taking behavior which may in turn result
in poor as opposed to superior performance.
a)Stimulant.
b)
Amphetamine and cocaine .
c)
depressant. (pg:115)
d)
none of the above .
78) other drugs that have been banned by
the international olympic Committee (IOC) include ,
a) depressant.
b)
Diuretics, Hallucinogens.
c)
beta – adrenergic .
d)
both b and c (pg:116)
79) Using ----------- ,the psychologist
utilize support groups among the players to encourage drug abstinence.
a)physiological
technique.
b)
cognitive technique .(pg:116)
c)
behavioral technique .
80)The focus of ---------- is upon
teaching athlete ways to enhance performance that do not include the use of
drug .
a)Cognitive
technique .
b)
emotional technique .
c)behavioral technique .(pg:116)
d)
none of the above .
SHORT ANSWER
QUESTION
Question1:
What is sport psychology ?
Ans:
Sport
psychology is a science in which the principles of psychology are applied in a
sport and exercise setting.
These
principles are often applied to enhance performance, however, a true sport
psychologist is interested in
much
more than performance enrichment and sees sport as a tool for human enrichment.
Question:2
What does the sport psychologist do ?
Ans:
Roles
and functions of a sport psychologist are described in the categories of
clinician, educator and
researcher.
The clinical/ Counseling Sport
Psychologist
The Educational Sport Psychologist
The Research Sport Psychologist
Question3:
In how
many domain the Multicultural training
issue in sport psychology students should be provided?
Ans:
Multicultural
training of sport psychology students should be provided in four domains. First, Students should
experience
a heightened awareness of and sensitivity to cultural groups different from
their own. Second they
should
gain knowledge about people who belong to cultures different than their own. Third, students should
learn
helping and intervention skills through the process of role playing and
stimulated interaction. Finally,
each
prospective
graduate should experience a supervised practicum to gain hands-on experience
working with
members
of a different culture or race.
Question3:
Describe goal involvement ?
Ans:
There
are two types of goal perspective. One is referred to as goal orientation and the other is goal involvement.
Both
are related to success,
Goal orientation :
,
goal orientation related to success in general, goal orientation is the
motivation to achieve a goal in sport.
Goal involvement :
goal
involvement is a situation-specific state measure of how an individual relates
to an achievement
situation
at a specific point in time.
Goal involvement can be further divided into
two categories; task or master involvement, and ego or competitive involvement.
Question4:
What is
motivation in sports ?
Ans:
Motivation is basically
something that energizes, direct, and sustains behaviors.
There are two kinds of motivation:
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation,
Intrinsic motivation :
Intrinsic motivation basically the internal desire of the players
to perform a particular task, to do certain activities because it gives them
pleasure, develops a particular skill, or it’s morally the right thing to do.
extrinsic motivation :
Extrinsic motivation are the
motivational factors external to the
individual and unrelated to
the task they are performing or in other words extrinsic motivation refers to motivation
that comes from an external as opposed to an internal source.
Examples
include money, and other
rewards.
Question5:
Which social factors include in integrated theory of
motivation ?
Ans:
The integrated theory of
motivation includes the notions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Social factors and
psychological mediator are seen as determinants of motivation that lead to
certain
consequences.
1)
Success and failure .
2)
Competition and cooperation .
3)
Coaches behavior.
Question7:
Level of motivation ?
1) Amotivation.
2) Intrinsic motivation.
3) Extrinsic motivation .
4) External motivation
5) Introjected motivation.
6) Identified regulation.
Question8:
Basic Types of Goals And Their
Effectiveness
There
are three basic types of goals that have been identified in the sport
psychology literature.
These three different types of goals are
outcome goals,
performance
goals,
process goals.
Question9:
Memory Systems
Ans:
There
are three basic memory systems:
Sensory information store
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Question10:
Selective Attention?
Ans:
Selective
attention is the ability to gate out, or ignore, irrelevant sensory
information, and to pay attention to relevant information. Each of us has
experienced the feeling of over stimulation that can
result
in an inability to concentrate. If it were not for our ability to concentrate
on one or two relevant items at a time, we simply could not function. The
ability to selectively attend to appropriate stimuli is critical in most
athletic situations.
Question:11
Personality Defined?
Ans:
Personality
is defined as an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. In other words personality is “all
the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others,
especially in social situations.” The key words in this definition are
basically “consistent” and “differs”.
An individual’s personality defines the person in unique ways that remain
stable and consistent over time. If an athlete consistently exhibits the
characteristics of being assertive on and off
the
athletic field, we might say that he is an assertive person
question:12
Theories of Personality?
Ans:
The
four major theoretical approaches to the study of personality are as follows:
1.Psychodynamic theory
2. Social learning theory
3.Humanistic theory
4.Trait theory
Question 13:
Trait Theory?
Ans:
The
basic position of trait or factor theory is that personality can be described
in terms of traits possessed by individuals. These personality traits are
considered synonymous with dispositions to act in a certain way. Traits are considered to be stable,
enduring, and consistent across a variety of differing situations. Cattell (1965)
believed that typical responses are
a
function of both the situation (environment) and the personality disposition.
This is evident from his
formula,
R = S x P in which, R= response, S=
situation, and P= Personality.
Question 14:
1.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?
Ans:
The
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely used of
all personality inventories. It basically consists of a series of true/false
questions designed to measure personality traits and clinical conditions of the
athletes.
The
original version of the MMPI, composed
of 550 items, was and
is still in use (Hathaway & McKinley, 1940). A revised version of the inventory, composed of 567 items, was
developed in 1990 and named the MMPI-2
(Butcher, Graham, Williams, & Ben-Sporath, 1990). These authors also developed a new form of the
inventory to be used with adolescents (MMPI-A). The traits measured by the
MMPI-2 include the following hypochondria,
depression, hysteria, psychopathic
deviation, masculinity-feminity,
paranoia, obsessive-compulsive behavior, schizophrenia, hypomania, and social
intraversion.
The inventory also includes items to detect lying and
faking
good/bad
scores. While the MMPI-2 was designed specifically for use with clinical
populations, it may be used
with
normal individuals
question
15:
16Pf Primary Traits?
Ans:
1.
Warmth
2.
Reasoning
3.
Emotional Stability
4.
Dominance
5.
Liveliness
6.
Rule-Consciousness
7.
Social Boldness
8.
Sensitivity
9.
Vigilance
10.
Abstractedness
11.
Privateness
12.
Apprehension
13.
Openness to Change
14.
Self-Reliance
15.
Perfectionism
16.
Tension
Question 16:
Differentiating Among Anxiety, Arousal,
and Stress?
Ans:
The
emotion of anxiety affects athletic performance, however, the problem is that the term “anxiety” is closely associated
with the terms “arousal” and “stress”. We will look how these terms are
similar and how they differ. The
discussion will focus upon emotions and mood, Selye’s concepts of stress, and
Lazarus’s concept of stress process.
Antecedents of Precompetitive State of
Anxiety Competitive state anxiety that occurs prior to a competitive situation
is referred to as precompetitive state of
Anxiety.
Question :17
Which five factors include increase
anxiety ?
Ans:
According
to Endler (1978, 1983), there are five specific antecedents, or factors that
lead to an increase
in
anxiety in anticipation of an achievement situation. These five factors are:
1.
Fear of performance failure. Fear of getting defeated by a weaker opponent
could pose a threat to an athlete’s ego.
2.
Fear of negative social evaluation. Fear of being evaluated negatively by
thousands of spectators could pose a threat to self-esteem.
3.
Fear of physical harm. Fear of being hit in the hit in the head by a 90 mph
fastball could pose a serious threat.
4.
Situation ambiguity. Not knowing if she is going to start a match is sometimes
stressful to an athlete.
5.
Disruption of well-learned routine. Being asked to change the way he does
things without practice and warming could be threatening to an athlete
Question 18:
Team energizing stratigies:
Ans:
Team
energizing strategies are those strategies that deal with the team as a whole
and are generally Orchestrated by the coach. They include such things as:
1.
Team goal setting
2.
Pep talks
3.
Bulletin boards
4.
Publicity
5.
News coverage
6.
Fan support
7.
Coach athlete, and parents interaction
8.
Pre competition workout
9.
Post competition conference
Question20 :
Individual self-energizing strategies?
Ans:
Individual
self-energizing strategies are those strategies that the individual uses to
induce immediate activation and alertness. From the perspective of the
individual, these latter techniques are also referred to as individual
psyching-up strategies
Question21:
Coach, Athlete, and Parent Interaction?
Ans:
The
interaction between an athlete’s parents, the athlete, and the coach are an
often-overlooked source of motivation for an athlete. Coaches are often wary
about the over-involved and demanding parents. However, often just the opposite
situation occurs, and parents are excluded from active involvement in motivating
an athlete. Parents provide tremendous support for an athlete involvement that
sometimes goes completely unnoticed.
Immediate
Question22:
Self-energizing strategies include:
Ans:
1.
Individual goal setting
2.
Self-talk
3.
Attentional focus
4.
Imagery
5.
Self-activation.
Question23:
Defining Imagery
Ans:
Imagery
has been defined as “using all the
senses to re-create an experience in the mind”
Imagery
has been identified as one of the most important topics in cognitive science. Two of imagery have evolved;
a.
Pictorialist
The
pictorialists state that when we imagine a scene in our mind’s eye, we are
scanning an actual image that
has
somehow formed in our brain.
b.
Descriptionist
The
descriptionist argues that there is no such thing as a mental image. That is,
when we imagine a physical scene in our mind’s eye, we are not really seeing an
internal image, but
the
graphic and detailed nature of our language makes it seem so
question24:
Theories of Hypnosis
Ans:
1.
Social-cognitive Theory
2.
Hypnosis as an Altered State of Consciousness
3.
Neodissociation Theory
Question25:
Theories Of Why Imagery Works?
Ans:
1. Psychoneuromuscular Theory
2. Symbolic Learning Theory
3. Attention and Arousal Set
Theory
Question26:
Achieving the Hypnotic Trance?
Ans:
Five phases are associated
with hypnotic trance in subject. They are
preparation of the subject,
the induction process,
the hypnotic phase,
waking up,
the post hypnotic phase.
Question27:
Self-Hypnosis?
Ans:
There are two kinds of
hypnosis. The first kind is heterohypnosis, and the second is self-hypnosis, or
autohypnosis.
heterohypnosis,
that which is induced by
another person, usually a
trained therapist or a psychologist. Heterohypnosis should be practiced only be
skilled professionals. Heterohypnosis is based upon a delicate rapport and
trust between the therapist and
the client.
There are two kinds of self-hypnosis. The first is self-induced,
and the second is induced
The phases involved in
self-hypnosis are identical to those outlined for hypnosis generally. First, the athlete must be completely
comfortable regarding the use of hypnosis. Some
common strategies for induction are
to sit in an easy chair and stare at a spot on the
wall, imagine a blank screen, or look into a mirror.
Question28:
Improving the Effectiveness of Hypnosis?
Ans:
Five factors
have been identified that can influence the effectiveness of hypnosis, they
are:
1. The competence of the professional therapist, or the skill of the
athlete.
2. The quality of the relationship between therapist and individual
being hypnotized is important.
3. The therapist must do her homework and get to know the person being
hypnotized.
4. Effective outcomes require practice of the procedures and
instructions given during hypnosis.
5. It works best if therapist and athlete both recognize the limitations
of hypnosis..
Question29:
Psychological Skills Training Program
Ans:
A number of psychological
skills training programs have been proposed. A sample psychological skill training
program is give below. It has seven phases.
Phase 1: Who
is the Client?
Phase 2:
Initial Meeting with Athletes.
Phase 3:
Education of the Sport Psychologist Relative to Activity
Phase 4:
Development of a Needs Assessment Plan
Phase 5:
Psychological Methods and Strategies to be Taught
Phase 6:
Actual Teaching and Learning of Selected Psychological Methods
Phase 7:
Ongoing and End-of-Session Evaluation of PSTP
Question 30:
ETHICS IN SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
Ans:
Their Ethics Code is based in
large part on the Ethical Principles and is
composed of a preamble and six general principles.
Principle 1: Competence
Principle 2: Integrity
Principle 3: Professional and
Scientific Responsibility
Principle 4: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
Principle 5: Concern for Other’s Welfare
Principle 6: Social
Responsibility
Question31:
Theories of Aggression?
Ans:
Theories of aggression fall
into four main categories:
1. Instinct theory,
2. Social learning theory
3. Theory of moral reasoning,
4. The frustration-aggression
hypothesis.
Question32:
Measurement of Team Cohesion
Ans:
A number of inventories have
been developed for measuring team cohesion in sport. An incomplete list of
inventories include:
1. Sports Cohesiveness Questionnaire (SCQ; Martens & Peterson, 1971);
2. Team Cohesion Questionnaire (TCQ; Gruber & Grey, 1981);
3. Sport Cohesion Instrument (SCI; Yukelson, Wienberg and Jackson, 1984);
4. Group Environment questionnaire (GEQ; Widmeyer, Brawley & Carron, 1985);
5. Team Psychology Questionnaire (TPQ; Partington and Shangi, 1992)
Question33:
Special Populations
Ans:
We turn our attention now to
the beneficial psychological effects of regular physical activity on special populations
of people. Special populations can be divided into three categories; clinical patients, children and elderly,
and disabled individuals.
Question34:
Clinically diagnosed eating disorders:
Ans:
The two most severe
clinically diagnosed or pathogenic rating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa
They exhibit the following
criteria:
a. Severe weight loss
b. Refusal to maintain normal
body weight
c. Intense fear of gaining
weight or becoming fat
d. Severe body image
disturbance
Treatment and recovery
requires professional help. The diagnosed anorexic cannot overcome this mental illness
herself.
Bulimia Nervosa
They exhibit the following
criteria:
a. Binge eating followed by
purging at least twice per week for three months
b. Loss of self-control
c. Severe body image
disturbance
Bulimics are preoccupied with
food and weight, fear getting fat, and exhibit chaotic eating behaviors. Unlike
anorexics, bulimics turn to food, rather than away from it. As with anorexia
nervosa, treatment and recovery from bulimia nervosa requires professional
help.
question 35:
Models of Burnout
Ans:
We will look at three
different models of burnout. They are:
• The stress model
• The investment model
• The sociologically based empowerment model
Question36:
Symptoms of Burnout and Interventions
There are two sets of
symptoms that include physiological and psychological symptoms of burnout.
Physiological symptoms include:
1. Increased resting and
exercise heart rate
2. Increased resting systolic
blood pressure
3. Increased muscle soreness
and chronic muscle fatigue
4. Increased presence of
biochemical indicators of stress in the blood
5. Increased sleep loss
6. Increased colds and
respiratory infections
7. Decreased body weight
8. Decreased maximal aerobic
power
9. Decreased muscle glycogen
10. Decreased libido and
appetite
Psychological symptoms include:
1. Increased mood
disturbances
2. Increased perception of
physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion
3. Decreased self-esteem
4. Negative change in the
quality of personal interaction with others (cynicism, lack of feeling,
impersonal relating)
5. Negative cumulative
reaction to chronic everyday stress as opposed to acute doses of stress.
Question37:
Emotional Response
Emotional responses include:
a. Fear of the unknown
b. Feelings of tension,
anger, and depression
c. Frustration and boredom
associated with being injured
d. Negative attitude
e. Grief associated with an
injury
f. Emotional coping skills
qestion38:
Psychophysiological Effects of Certain Banned
Substances
Each of the drugs or banned
substance that will be mentioned in this brief review has both a hoped-for benefit
(the reason it is taken by the athlete) and a negative consequence. In some
cases the negative consequences are well documented, but in other cases, due to
limitations of research, they are not
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Stimulants
Depressants
Question39:
Combating Drug Abuse in Sport
Two basic approaches to combating drug use in sport are
cognitive techniques and
behavioral techniques.
Cognitive techniques utilize intellectual and psychological methods to influence behavior
and attitude.
Behavioral techniques shape the athlete’s environment in ways that will
elicit desirable responses and
behaviors from the athlete
Cognitive Techniques
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